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Antiques - Business Idea of the Month

Antique dealing is always a friendly business, with endless opportunities to learn something new, great prospects and always that golden dream of hitting the jackpot. This month I will look at the structure of the antiques game, and give some advice on the smarter ways to set up.

Every city and most towns in the land, have established traders mostly making quite a decent living in the antiques business.

The Skills Required In order to know what any given object is worth to a dealer, or a private collector, you need very good knowledge of that area, and the ability to check out the details before you buy.

Many dealers develop an "eye" for quality and sales appea, and buy all kinds of goods, thriving on variety. This can be a big disadvantage.

In my view, specializing always pays off in the long run. Firstly, you can get a reputation as an expert in just a few years, and secondly, you can "plug in" to your own little network of suppliers, dealers, collectors and speciality auctions. Thirdly, you will quickly learn where to go for research.

The largest sectors of the trade, deal in furniture, fine art (paintings and prints) and ceramics (pottery and porcelain). Competition is fierce, and you really must know your stuff if you want to avoid buying stock which nobody else wants, for some good but unobvious reason.

Other smaller sectors include the horologists (clocks and watches), silverware dealers, jewellers, glassware dealers and the sale of early weapons, armour or guns. In recent years, oriental carpets have had a great revival, and have joined the ranks of firmly established specialities.

Then there are the mini-specialities, all of them competitive areas in their own right: dolls and nursery furnishings; pipes and smokers' requisites; old postcards and greetings cards; buttons; small wooden articles of every description, old mechanical items from musical boxes to balance scales; lace and early clothing. War items are also in great demand.

WINNERS AND LOSERS The antique trade is run on very informal lines but it's organized into armies, in which all the dealers are highly independent mercenaries. Here are some guidelines to help you use the system:

COLLECTOR/DEALERS All dealers tend to hoard some of their best finds, but the dedicated collectors are compulsively hooked into a particular area. They usually work from home, buying their stocks by placing small ads in local papers, and attending house clearance sales, or auction rooms.

A collector/dealer will be very tight with his or her money, and know the precise value of anything they want to buy. If you get to know local characters and seriously want to sell items to them, you need to equip yourself with as many good sale room catalogues as possible, so you know the value of everything you sell to them.

EXHIBITORS Other dealers plan their year's trading around the top-class antiques fairs and tradeshows. The more valuable their stock, the fewer sales they need to make in a year to make a good profit. Some run shops which only open one or two days a week. Finding top-quality stock is very time-consuming, so they all depend to some extent on runners (see below).

ANTIQUE SHOPS In the larger towns there's a large array of shop-based businesses. But remember, you're talking about larger overheads, for the shop, heating, lighting, security, theft and fire insurance and an assistant to hold the fort while you're away on buying expeditions. For this reason I do not recommend you to rush into shop premises until you've had a few years' thorough grounding, but it is an attractive option for future expansion.

MARKET TRADERS There are a great many indoor markets opening up, and can be very prestigious affairs indeed. Other mixed markets (indoor and outdoor stalls) may look very cheerful and picturesque, but the best dealers there, are equal to anyone in the country. Easier to set up, usually with a local licence.

Everyone in the antiques business is very careful about buying from strangers because of the sheer volume of stolen goods on the market. When you're buying you must be prepared to insist on a name, address, some form of identification and a signed declaration to the effect that the item is the seller's property. If you want to sell to shops and stall-holders you must be prepared to give this information as a matter of course.

RUNNERS These are agents, who on behalf of shop owners, go out buying on their behalf. The knack of success is to buy stock at very competitive prices so that the dealers will give you a good profit buying at your "trade price", and still make a good profit themselves. One good way to start up is to combine dealing from home with "running", but only if you're prepared to be always out on the road hunting. Buying is definitely the hardest area of the antiques business, and the runners thrive on the challenge. They build up a small network of dealers and get to know their tastes intimately

RESTORERS The entire antiques trade relies crucially on skilled craftsmen and women to repair and restore items, either at public request, or to enhance the value of recently acquired stock. There are some very good businesses around based on picture restoration, clock or porcelain repair etc. In the furniture trade alone there are polishers, veneerers, turners, joiners, rush and cane workers, and carvers.

WAYS TO START UP

You can set yourself up as a dealer working from home, and go on to be a runner for other dealers. So long as you're careful to read up on the stocks you handle, and allow for all your travelling expenses, there's a good living to be made. Always plough back your profits into better and larger stocks.

Restoration is another good way to acquire knowledge, and to cater for a strong market demand. For the young it can be a good stepping-stone to becoming a successful specialist dealer. For the over50s it will provide a good standard of living, but not a business you can sell off on retirement, except to people you've trained or other restorers with the same skills. There is a third way, and that is to work as an assistant to an established dealer with a shop. You don't get much pay, but you have great opportunities to learn the trade, and develop your own selling style with the customers.

Dealers won't allow assistants to buy on their behalf, but you may have a chance to go alone to the auction rooms, to view items and report back, or you may be given research work to do in the local library. After a period of time, you can normally arrange to sell some of your own stock in the shop, and build up your own sales until you are ready to go it alone.

At this stage, I have not talked about the auction houses online, but they can be another avenue, where you can start up small, and learn the trade, before moving onto bigger things.

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Telescopic Sight

History

This section requires expansion.

The first experiments directed to give shooters optical aiming aids go back to the early 17th century. For centuries different optical aiming aids and primitive predecessors of telescopic sights were created that had practical or performance limitations. The first practical refractor telescope based telescopic sight was built in 1880 by August Fiedler (Stronsdorf, Austria), forestry commissioner of Prince Reuss. Telescopic sights with extra long eye relief are available for handgun and scout rifle use. A historic example of a telescopic sight with a long eye relief is the German ZF41 which was used during World War II on Karabiner 98k rifles.

Types

A Swift model 687M variable power rifle scope with parallax compensation (the ring around the objective lens is used for making parallax adjustments).

Telescopic sights are classified in terms of the optical magnification and the objective lens diameter, e.g. 1050. This would denote 10 times magnification with a 50mm objective lens. In general terms, larger objective lens diameters, due to their ability to gather larger amounts of light, provide a larger exit pupil and hence provide a brighter image at the eyepiece. On fixed magnification sights the magnification power and objective diameter should be chosen on the basis of the intended use.

There are also telescopic sights with variable magnification. The magnification can be varied by manually operating a zoom mechanism. Variable sights offer more flexibility regarding shooting at varying ranges, targets and light conditions and offer a relative wide field of view at lower magnification settings. The syntax for variable sights is the following: minimal magnification maximum magnification objective lens, for example, 3940.

Confusingly, some older telescopic sights, mainly of German or other European manufacture, have a different classification where the second part of the designation refers to 'light gathering power.' In these cases, a 481 (4 magnification) sight would be presumed to have a brighter sight picture than a 2.570 (2.5 magnification), but the objective lens diameter would not bear any direct relation to picture brightness, as brightness is affected also by the magnification factor. Typically objective lenses on early sights are smaller than modern sights, in these examples the 481 would have an objective approximately 32mm diameter and the 2.570 might be approximately 25mm.

Optical parameters

Telescopic sights are usually designed for the specific application for which they are intended. Those different designs create certain optical parameters. Those parameters are:

Magnification The ratio of the focal length of the eyepiece divided into the focal length of the objective gives the linear magnifying power of telescopes. A magnification of factor 10, for example, produces an image as if one were 10 times closer to the object. The amount of magnification depends upon the application the telescopic sight is designed for. Lower magnifications lead to less susceptibility to shaking. A larger magnification leads to a smaller field of view.

Objective lens diameter The diameter of the objective lens determines how much light can be gathered to form an image. It is usually expressed in millimeters.

Field of view The field of view of a telescopic sight is determined by its optical design. It is usually notated in a linear value, such as how many meters (feet) in width will be seen at 100 m (or 100 yd), or in an angular value of how many degrees can be viewed.

Exit pupil Telescopic sights concentrate the light gathered by the objective into a beam, the exit pupil, whose diameter is the objective diameter divided by the magnifying power. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated iris of the human eye about 7mm, reducing with age. If the cone of light streaming out of the eyepiece is larger than the pupil it is going into, any light larger than the pupil is wasted in terms of providing information to the eye.

However, a larger exit pupil makes it easier to put the eye where it can receive the light: anywhere in the large exit pupil cone of light will do. This ease of placement helps avoid vignetting, which is a darkened or obscured view that occurs when the light path is partially blocked. And, it means that the image can be quickly found which is important when aiming at game animals that move rapidly. A narrow exit pupil telescopic sight may also be fatiguing because the instrument must be held exactly in place in front of the eyes to provide a useful image. Finally, many people in Europe use their telescopic sights at dusk, dawn and at night, when their pupils are larger. Thus the daytime exit pupil of about 3 to 4mm is not a universally desirable standard. For comfort, ease of use, and flexibility in applications, larger telescopic sights with larger exit pupils are satisfying choices even if their capability is not fully used by day.

Telescopic sight on a Ruger M77 Mark II Frontier scout rifle.

Eye relief Eye relief is the distance from the rear eyepiece lens to the exit pupil or eye point. It is the distance the observer must position his or her eye behind the eyepiece in order to see an unvignetted image. The longer the focal length of the eyepiece, the greater the eye relief. Typical telescopic sights may have eye relief ranging from 25mm (1in) to over 100mm (4in), but telescopic sights intended for scout rifles or handguns need much longer eye relief to present an unvignetted image. Telescopic sights with relatively long eye relief are favourable to avoid recoil induced facial and eye injuries and use in instances where it is difficult to hold the eyepiece steady. Eye relief can be particularly important for eyeglass wearers. The eye of an eyeglass wearer is typically further from the eye piece which necessitates a longer eye relief in order to still see the entire field of view.

Reticles

Various reticles.

Rangefinder reticle.

Telescopic sights come with a variety of different reticles, ranging from the traditional crosshairs to complex reticles designed to allow the shooter to estimate accurately the range to a target, to compensate for the bullet drop, and to compensate for the windage required due to crosswinds. A user can estimate the range to objects of known size, the size of objects at known distances, and even roughly compensate for both bullet drop and wind drifts at known ranges with a reticle-equipped scope.

For example, with a typical Leupold brand duplex 16 MOA reticle (of a type as shown in image B) on a fixed power scope, the distance from post to post (that is, between the heavy lines of the reticle spanning the center of the scope picture) is approximately 32inches (81.3cm) at 200 yards (183 m), or, equivalently, approximately 16inches (40.65cm) from the center to any post at 200 yards. If a target of a known diameter of 16inches fills just half of the total post-to-post distance (i.e. filling from scope center to post), then the distance to target is approximately 200 yards (183 m). With a target of a diameter of 16inches that fills the entire sight picture from post to post, the range is approximately 100 yards. Other ranges can be similarly estimated accurately in an analog fashion for known target sizes through proportionality calculations. Holdover, for estimating vertical point of aim offset required for bullet drop compensation on level terrain, and horiz ontal windage offset (for estimating side to side point of aim offsets required for wind effect corrections) can similarly be compensated for through using approximations based on the wind speed (from observing flags or other objects) by a trained user through using the reticle marks. The less-commonly used holdunder, used for shooting on sloping terrain, can even be estimated by an appropriately-skilled user with a reticle-equipped scope, once the slope of the terrain and the slant range to target are both known.

There are two main types of reticles:

Wire reticles

Etched reticles

Wire reticles are the oldest type of reticles and are made out of metal wire. They are mounted in an optically appropriate position in the telescopic sight's tube. Etched reticles are images of the desired reticle layout that are etched on an optic element. This optical element (lens) with the etched reticle is then mounted in the telescopic sights tube as an integrated part of the optics chain of the sight. When backlit through the ocular a wire reticle will reflect incoming light and not present a black reticule with high-contrast. An etched reticle will stay black if backlit. Etched reticles are by most considered to be a more refined solution and offer greater reticle lay out flexibility. Because of this some manufacturers can provide client designed custom reticles on special order. In the more expensive and high end contemporary telescopic sights etched reticles dominate the market. In cheaper telescopic sights wire reticles are still often mounted to avoid a rather specialized and costly production step.

Mil-dot reticles

If the helmeted head of a man ( 0.25 m tall) fits between the fourth bar and the horizontal line, the man is at approximately 100 meters distance. When the upper part of the body of a man ( 1 m tall) fits under the first line, he stands at approximately 400 meters distance.

Modern military and law enforcement reticles are generally designed for (stadiametric) rangefinding purposes. Perhaps the most flexible ranging reticle is the "Mil-dot" reticle, which consists of duplex crosshairs with small dots at milliradian (Mil) intervals in the field of view. A milliradian equates to 3.43774677078493 MOA, that is, approximately 21.6inches at 600 yards; each MOA equates to 1.0471975511966inch at 100 yards, often rounded to 1inch at 100 yards for fast mental calculations.

Users who use the metric system are better off with a Mil-dot reticle, since they do not have to hassle with the unnecessary complications of a non metric system of measurement during mental calculations. Also the Mil-dot measurements and ranging calculations are always exact in the metric system.

A trained user can relatively accurately measure the range to objects of known size, the size of objects at known distances, and compensate for both bullet drop and wind drifts at known ranges with a Mil-dot reticle-equipped scope.

This is what a Netherlands Army sniper sees through his Schmidt & Bender 3-12x50 PM II telescopic sight. The Mil-dots can be seen on the cross hairs. By means of a mathematical formula - (width or height of the target/ number of mil of dots) x 1000 = distance - the user can measure the range to a target. An object of 1 meter tall or wide is exactly 1 Mil tall or wide at 1000 meters distance. If the user sees an object of 1.8 m tall for example as three mil dots tall through the riflescope the object is at 600 m distance - (1.8 / 3) x 1000 = 600.

The four horizontal bars over the horizontal line are also intended for (quick) ranging purposes.

Reticle focal plane

Typical internal construction of a scope with its reticle in the First Focal Plane.

The reticle may be located at the front or rear focal plane (First Focal Plane (FFP) or Second Focal Plane (SFP)) of the telescopic sight. On fixed power telescopic sights there is no significant difference, but on variable power telescopic sights the front plane reticle remains at a constant size compared to the target, while rear plane reticles remain a constant size to the user as the target image grows and shrinks. Front focal plane reticles are slightly more durable, but most American users prefer that the reticle remains constant as the image changes size, so nearly all modern American variable power telescopic sights are rear focal plane designs. European high end optics manufacturers often leave the customer the choice between a FFP or SFP mounted reticle.

Variable power telescopic sights with front focal plane reticles have no problems with point of impact shifts. Variable power telescopic sights with rear focal plane reticles can have slight point of impact shifts through their magnification range caused by the positioning of the reticle in the mechanical zoom mechanism in the rear part of the telescopic sight. Normally these impact shifts are insignificant but make accuracy oriented users, that wish to use their telescopic sight trouble-free at several magnification levels, often opt for front focal plane reticles. Around the year 2005 Zeiss was the first high end European telescopic sight manufacturer who brought out variable magnification military grade telescopic sight models with rear focal plane mounted reticles. They get around impermissible impact shifts for these sights by laboriously hand adjusting every military grade telescopic sight. The American high end telescopic sight manufacturer U.S. Optics Inc. also offers variable magnification military grade telescopic sight models with rear focal plane mounted reticles.

Reticle illumination

Either type of reticle can be illuminated for use in low-light or daytime conditions. With any illuminated low-light reticle, it is essential that its brightness can be adjusted. A reticle that is too bright will cause glare in the operator eye, interfering with his ability to see in low-light conditions. This is because the pupil of the human eye closes quickly upon receiving any source of light. Most illuminated reticles provide adjustable brightness settings to adjust the reticle precisely to the ambient light.

Illumination is usually provided by a battery powered LED, though other electric light sources can be used. The light is projected forward through the scope, and reflects off the back surface of the reticle. Red is the most common colour used, as it least impedes the shooter's night vision. This illumination method can be used to provide both daytime and low-light conditions reticle illumination.

Radioactive isotopes can also be used as a light source, to provide an illuminated reticule for low-light condition aiming. In sights like the SUSAT or Elcan C79 Optical Sight tritium-illuminated reticles are used for low-light condition aiming. Trijicon Corporation uses tritium in their combat and hunting-grade firearm optics, including the ACOG. The (radioactive) tritium light source has to be replaced every 812 years, since it gradually loses its brightness due to radioactive decay.
With fiber optics ambient (day)light can be collected and directed to an illuminated daytime reticle. Fiber optics reticles automatically interact with the ambient light level that dictates the brightness of the reticle. Trijicon uses fiber optics combined with other low-light conditions illumination methods in their AccuPoint telescopic sights and some of their ACOG sights models.

Parallax compensation

Parallax problems result from the image from the objective not being coincident with the reticle. If the image is not coplanar with the reticle (that is the image of the objective is either in front of or behind the reticle), then putting your eye at different points behind the ocular causes the reticle crosshairs to appear to be at different points on the target. This optical effect causes parallax induced aiming errors that can make a telescopic sight user miss a small target at a distance for which the telescopic sight was not parallax adjusted.

To eliminate parallax induced aiming errors, telescopic sights can be equipped with a parallax compensation mechanism which basically consists of a movable optical element that enables the optical system to project the picture of objects at varying distances and the reticle crosshairs pictures together in exactly the same optical plane. There are two main methods to achieve this.

By making the objective lens of the telescopic sight adjustable so the telescopic sight can compensate parallax errors. These models are often called AO or A/O models, for adjustable objective.

By making an internal lens in the internal optical groups mounted somewhere in front of the reticle plane adjustable so the telescopic sight can compensate parallax errors. This method is technically more complicated to build, but generally more liked by parallax adjustable telescopic sight usersnlike AO models, which are read from the top, the sidewheel's setting can be read with minimal movement of the head. These models are often called side focus or sidewheel models.

Most telescopic sights lack parallax compensation because they can perform very acceptably without this refinement. Telescopic sights manufacturers adjust these scopes at a distance that best suits their intended usage. Typical standard factory parallax adjustment distances for hunting telescopic sights are 100 yd or 100 m to make them suited for hunting shots that rarely exceed 300 yd/m. Some target and military style telescopic sights without parallax compensation may be adjusted to be parallax free at ranges up to 300 yd/m to make them better suited for aiming at longer ranges. Scopes for rimfires, shotguns, and muzzleloaders will have shorter parallax settings, commonly 50 yd/m for rimfire scopes and 100 yd/m for shotguns and muzzleloaders. Scopes for airguns are very often found with adjustable parallax, usually in the form of an adjustable objective, or AO. These may adjust down as far as 3 yards (2.74 m).

The reason why scopes intended for short range use are often equipped with parallax compensation is that at short range (and at high magnification) parallax errors become more noticeable. A typical scope objective has a focal length of 100mm. An optical ideal 10x scope in this example has been perfectly parallax corrected at 1000 m and functions flawlessly at that distance. If the same scope is used at 100 m the target-picture would be projected (1000 m / 100 m) / 100mm = 0.1mm behind the reticle plain. At 10x magnification the error would be 10 * 0.1mm = 1mm at the ocular. If the same scope was used at 10 m the target-picture would be (1000 m / 10 m) / 100mm = 1mm projected behind the reticle plain. When 10x magnified the error would be 10mm at the ocular.

Bullet Drop Compensation

Bullet Drop Compensation (BDC) (sometimes referred to as ballistic elevation) is a feature available on some rifle scopes. The feature compensates for the effect of gravity on the bullet at given distances (referred to as "bullet drop"). The feature must be tuned for the particular ballistic trajectory of a particular combination of rifle and cartridge at a predefined air density. Inevitable BDC induced errors will occur if the environmental and meteorological circumstances deviate from the circumstances the BDC was calibrated for. Marksmen can be trained to compensate for these errors.

Adjustment controls

The adjustment controls of a telescopic sight with an elevation adjustment knob featuring a zero-stop and second revolution indicator.

A telescopic sight can have several adjustment controls.

Focusing control at the ocular end of the sight - meant to obtain a sharp picture of the object and reticle.

Elevation or vertical adjustment control of the reticle.

Zero-stop elevation controls can be set to prevent inadvertently dialing the adjustment knob "below" the primary zero (usually 100 meters or 100 yards for long-range scopes), or at least prevent dialing more than a couple adjustment clicks below zero. This feature is also useful on long-range scopes because it allows the shooter to physically verify the elevation knob is dialed all the way down avoiding confusion regarding the elevation status on two- or multi-revolution elevation knobs.

Windage or horizontal adjustment control of the reticle.

Magnification control - meant to change the magnification by turning a ring that is generally marked with several magnification power levels.

Illumination adjustment control of the reticule - meant to regulate the brightness level of the lit parts of the reticles crosshairs.

Parallax compensation control.

Most contemporary telescopic sights offer the first three adjustment controls. The other three are found on telescopic sights that offer a variable magnification, an illuminated reticle and/or parallax compensation. A rather common problem with the elevation and windage adjustment controls is that once smooth working adjustment turrets et stuck over the years. This is generally caused by long time lack of movement in the lubricated turret mechanisms.

Older telescopic sights often did not offer windage and elevation adjustments in the scope, but rather used adjustable mounts to provide adjustment. Some modern mounts also allow for adjustment, but it is generally intended to supplement the scope adjustments. For example, some situations require fairly extreme elevation adjustments, such as very short range shooting common with airguns, or very long range shooting, where the bullet drop becomes very significant. In this case, rather than adjusting the scope to the extremes of its elevation adjustment, the scope mount can be adjusted. This allows the scope to operate near the center of its adjustment range. Some companies offer adjustable bases, while others offer bases with a given amount of elevation built in. The adjustable bases are more flexible, but the fixed bases are more durable, as adjustable bases may loosen and shift under recoil.

Accessories

Scrome LTE J10 F1 with a lens hood mounted at the ocular and a flip-open cover at the objective.

Typical accessories for telescopic sights are:

Lens hoods for mounting on the objective and/or ocular to reduce/eliminate image quality impairing stray light.

Lens hoods that extend the full length of a gun barrel to improve image quality by blocking out shot strings induced mirage ("heat waves" or aberrations resulting from a hot gun barrel).

Covers to protect the objective and/or ocular external lens surface against foul weather and damage. There are slide-over, bikini and flip-open type covers without or with transparent covering material.

Optical filters like Grey, Yellow and Polarising filters to optimize image quality in various lighting conditions.

Kill Flash or honeycomb filters to eliminate light reflections from the objective that could compromise a sniper.

Eye safe laser filters to protect operators against being wounded/blinded by laser light sources. These filters are often an internal part in the assembly of lens elements.

Transit and protection pouches and cases.

Optronic technologies

Integrated laser rangefinder

In 1997 Swarovski Optik introduced the LRS series telescopic sight, the first riflescope on the civilian market with an integrated laser rangefinder. The LRS 2-12x50 sight can measure ranges up to 600 m (660 yd). The LRS sights are currently (2008) not produced anymore, but sights with similar features are commercially available from several manufacturers.

Ballistic support devices

An integrated ballistic computer/riflescope system known as BORS has been developed by the Barrett Firearms Company and became commercially available around 2007. The BORS module is in essence an electronic Bullet Drop Compensation (BDC) sensor/calculator package intended for long-range sniping out to 2500 m (2734 yd) for some telescopic sight models made by Leupold and Nightforce. To establish the appropriate elevation setting the shooter needs to enter the ammunition type into the BORS (using touch pads on the BORS console) determine the range (either mechanically or through a laser rangefinder) and crank the elevation knob on the scope until the proper range appears in the BORS display. The BORS automatically determines the air density, as well as the cant or tilt in the rifle itself, and incorporates these environmental factors into its elevation calculations.

The SAM (Shooter-supporting Attachment Module) measures and provides aiming and ballistic relevant data and displays this to the user in the ocular of the Zeiss 6-24x72 telescopic sight it is developed for. The SAM has different sensors integrated (temperature, air pressure, shooting angle) and calculates the actuall ballistic compensation. All indications are displayed in the ocular. It memorizes up to 4 different ballistics and 4 different firing tables. So it is possible to use 1 SAM with 4 total different weapons without an additional adjustment.

CCD and LCD technology

A totally different approach has been applied in the ELCAN DigitalHunter Digital Rifle Scope series which combines CCD and LCD technology with electronic ballistics compensation, automatic video capture, 4 field selectable reticles and customizable reticles. In 2008 a DigitalHunter DayNight Riflescope that uses infra red light captured by the CCD to enhance low light capabilities became available. It is also possible to attach infra red light sources to use this telescopic sight as an active night sight in total darkness. Some jurisdictions however forbid or limit to use of night vision devices for civilian or gun aiming use.

Mounting

Colt Python Silhouette, with 8-inch barrel, factory scope, and case 500 made in 1981 by the Colt Custom Gun Shop.

As very few firearms come with built-in telescopic sights (military designs such as the Steyr AUG and the H&K G36 being exceptions) mounting a scope to a firearm requires additional equipment. Equipment is available to mount scopes on most production firearms. A typical scope mounting system consists of two parts, the scope base and the scope rings. By picking the appropriate combination of scope base to fit the firearm and scope rings to fit the scope, a wide range of scopes may be mounted to most firearms. With the appropriate combination of adjustable scope bases and scope rings it is also possible to mount several telescopic sights on the same gun to make the gun more versatile. However, it is important to take into consideration whether or not a gun is particularly hard to mount. If it is or if a gun is intended for long-range shooting, it could be that the amount of vertical adjustment range is smaller than required. This can be solved with the help of a vertically canted base or canted rings. Typical cant angles offered by mounting components manufacturers are 20 and 30 MOA. It is always wise to buy telescopic sights that provide a decent adjustment range, preferably at least 60 MOA or more.

Scope bases

The base is attached to the rifle, usually with screws, and is often designed to have a low profile, and to allow use of the iron sights if the scope is not present. Some manufacturers provide integral bases on many of their firearms; an example of such a firearm is the Ruger Super Redhawk revolver. The most commonly encountered mounting systems are the 3/8inch (9.5mm) and the 11mm dovetail mounts (sometimes called tip-off mounts), commonly found on rimfires and air guns, the Weaver type base and the STANAG 2324 (MIL-STD-1913 "Picatinny rail") base. Ruger uses a proprietary scope base system, though adapters are available to convert the Ruger bases into Weaver type bases. Scope base and mounting systems are also manufactured in Europe. Specialized manufacturers like Ernst Apel GmbH offer an elaborate program of mounting solutions for many different guns. Some of the European mounting solutions are virtually unknown and hence rarely applied in America. Many Europea n gun manufacturers also developed and offer proprietary scope base systems for their guns, for example Sako has tapered dovetails and Tikka uses 16mm dovetail.

Scope rings

In addition to needing the right type of connector to attach to the desired base, scope rings must be used to hold the scope to the mount. The rings must be of the proper size to fit the scope; common sizes are 3/4inch (19.05mm), 22mm, 1inch (25.4mm), 26mm, 30mm and 34mm. Red dot sights commonly are found in larger sizes, such as 40mm, and these often use ringless mounting systems designed to fit dovetail or Weaver type bases. Rings are also available in a variety of heights and materials. Ring height is chosen to place the scope high enough to clear the firearm, and at a height comfortable for the shooter.

Scope mounting rails

Schmidt & Bender Classic 4x36 with mounting rails fitted with a Suhler claw mount on a Gebrder Merkel Drilling. Manufactured in May, 1985.

European telescopic sight manufacturers often offer the option to have mounting rails underneath the riflescope to provide for mounting solutions that do not use scope rings or a single scope ring around the objective of the scope. These rails are an integral part of the scope body and can not be removed. The mounting rail permits the riflescope to be securely and tension-free mounted at the preferred height and correct distance from the shooter's eye and on different guns.

There are several mounting rail systems offered:

Standard prism

Zeiss ZM/VM, also used by DOCTER

Swarovski Optik SR

Schmidt & Bender Convex

The traditional standard prism mounting rail system requires to have the scope rail drilled from the side for fixture screws. The more recent propriety systems mainly offer aesthetic advantages for people who have problems with redundant drill holes in sight in case the riflescope is used on different guns. To avoid drilling the scope rail, the propriety rail mounting systems have special shape connections machined in the inside of the rail. These shape connections prevent ever showing any exterior damage from mounting work on the rifle scope. The propriety rail systems use matching slide-in mount fasteners to connect the riflescope to the gun. Some propriety rails also offer the possibility to tilt the scope up to 1 to the left or right.

Rail interface systems

Telescopic sight fitted with scope rings on a Picatinny/MIL-STD-1913 rail mounted above the receiver of a sniper rifle.

For mounting telescopic sights and/or other accessories to guns several rail interface systems are available to provide a standardized mounting platform. Probably the best known rail interface system is the Picatinny rail or STANAG 2324 rail or MIL-STD-1913 rail used by NATO forces and other official and civil users. The name of this interface system comes from the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey, where it was originally tested and was used to distinguish it from other rail standards at the time. The Picatinny rail comprises a series of ridges with a T-shaped cross-section interspersed with flat "spacing slots". Telescopic sight mounting rings are mounted either by sliding them on from one end or the other; by means of a "rail-grabber" which is clamped to the rail with bolts, thumbscrews or levers; or onto the slots between the raised sections. Another commercially available rail interface system is the Weaver rail mount from Weaver Optics. The only difference bet ween the Picatinny rail and the Weaver rail is the size of the slots, although many rail-grabber-mounted accessories can be used on either type of rail.

Mounting issues

Scopes for use on light recoiling firearms, such as rimfire guns, can be mounted with a single ring, and this method is not uncommon on handguns, where space is at a premium. Most scopes are mounted with two rings, one in the front half of the scope and one on the back half, which provides additional strength and support. The heaviest recoiling firearms, such as Thompson Center Arms Contender pistols in heavy recoiling calibers, will use three rings for maximum support of the scope. Use of too few rings can result not only in the scope moving under recoil, but also excessive torque on the scope tube as the gun rolls up under recoil.

Scopes on heavy recoiling firearms and spring piston airguns (which have a heavy "reverse recoil" caused by the piston reaching the end of its travel) suffer from a condition called scope creep, where the inertia of the scope holds it still as the firearm recoils under it. Because of this, scope rings must be precisely fitted to the scope, and tightened very consistently to provide maximum hold without putting uneven stress on the body of the scope. Rings that are out of round, misaligned in the bases, or tightened unevenly can warp or crush the body of the scope.

Another problem is mounting a scope on a rifle, such as some lever action designs, where the shell is ejected out the top of the rifle. Usually this results in the scope being offset to one side (to the left for right-handed people, right for left-handed) to allow the shell to clear the scope. Alternately a scout rifle type mount can be used, which places a long eye relief scope forward of the action.

A firearm may not always be able to fit all aiming optics solutions, so it is wise to have a preferred aiming optics solution first reviewed by a professional.

Uses

Telescopic sights have both advantages and disadvantages relative to iron sights. Standard doctrine with iron sights is to focus the eye on the front sight and align it with the resulting blur of the target and the rear sight; most shooters have difficulty doing this, as the eye tends to be drawn to the target, blurring both sights. Gun users over 30 years of age with keen eyesight will find it harder to keep the target, front sight element and rear sight element well enough into focus for aiming purposes as human eyes gradually lose focusing flexibility with rising age. Telescopic sights allow the user to focus on both the crosshair and the target at the same time, as the lenses project the crosshair into the distance (50 m or yd for rimfire scopes, 100 m or yd more for centerfire calibers). This, combined with telescopic magnification, clarifies the target and makes the target stand out against the background. The main disadvantage of magnification is that the a rea to either side of the target is obscured by the tube of the sight. The higher the magnification, the narrower the field of view in the sight, and the more area that is hidden. Rapid fire target shooters use reflex sights, which have no magnification; this gives them the best field of view while maintaining the single focal plane of a telescopic sight. Telescopic sights are expensive, and require additional training to align. Sight alignment with telescopic sights is a matter of making the field of vision circular to minimize parallax error. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated iris of the human eye about 7mm, reducing with age.

Military

Looking through a USMC sniper rifle's scope at a practice range Camp Hansen.

Russian PSO-1M2 current military issue 4x26 telescopic sight.

I.O.R. LPS 4x6 TIP2 reticle, the bottom-left corner can be used to determine the distance from a 170 cm tall target.

Dual combat sighting system: ZF 3x4 optical sight topped with red dot sight as used on German G36A1 assault rifles.

Until the 1990s, military use of telescopic sights was restricted to snipers because of the fragility and expense of optical components, though they had been used as early as the American Civil War on rifles, and even earlier for other jobs. The glass lenses are prone to breakage, and environmental conditions such as condensation, precipitation, dirt, and mud obscure external lenses. The scope tube also adds significant bulk to the rifle. Snipers generally used moderate to high magnification scopes with special reticles that allow them to estimate range to the target.

Telescopic sights provide some tactical disadvantages. Snipers rely on stealth and concealment to get close to their target. A telescopic sight can hinder this because sunlight may reflect from the lens and a sniper raising his head to use a telescopic sight might reveal his position. The famous Finnish sniper Simo Hyh preferred to use iron sights rather than telescopic sights to present less of a target. Harsh climate can also cause problems for telescopic sights as they are less rugged than iron sights. Many Finnish snipers in WWII used iron sights heavily because telescopic sights did not cope with very cold Finnish winters.

The market for military telescopic sights intended for military long-range shooting is highly competitive. Several high end optics manufacturers are constantly adapting and improving their telescopic sights to fulfill specific demands of military organizations. Two European companies that are active this field are Schmidt & Bender and Zeiss/Hensoldt. American companies that are also very active in this field are Nightforce, U.S. Optics Inc. and Premier Reticles. These high end sighting components generally cost 1500 / $ 2000 or more. Typical options for military telescopic sights are reticle illumination for use under adverse light circumstances and the presentation of scope settings or ballistic relevant environmental measurements data to the operator through the sights ocular. Military organizations also are a main driving force behind the development of ever more versatile mil-dot reticles, like the Generation II mil-dot reticle from Premier Reticles the US Marine Corps specified for their 7000 USMC M8541 Premier/Schmidt & Bender 3-12x50 PM II LP telescopic sights. Other range finding reticle variations like Schmidt & Bender's P4-fine reticule, which uses mil-hash marks instead of mil-dots for ranging purposes, also were developed on request of active snipers and other long-range field shooters.

The former Warsaw Pact members produce military telescopic sights for their designated marksmen and developed a range finding reticle based on the height of an average human. The reticle used in the Romanian I.O.R. LPS 4x6 TIP2 4x24 rifle scope is calibrated for ranging a 1.7 m tall target from 200 m to 1000 m. This Romanian scope shares the basic design and stadiametric rangefinder found in the reticle of the original Russian PSO-1 and POSP scope series. The target base has to be lined up on the horizontal line of the range-finding scale and the target top point has to touch the upper (dotted) line of the scale without clearance. The digit under which this line up occurs determines the distance to the target.

The Israeli military began widespread use of telescopic sights by ordinary infantrymen to increase hit probability (especially in dim light) and extend effective range of standard issue infantry rifles. Palestinian militants in the al Aqsa Intifada likewise found that adding an inexpensive scope to an AK-47 increased its effectiveness.

Today, several militaries issue telescopic sights to their infantry, usually compact, low-magnification sights suitable for snap-shooting, like reflex sights. The US military issues ACOG, Aimpoint CompM2 and EOTech 553 combat optics. American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan frequently purchase their own combat optics and carry them from home. The British army fields the SA80 rifle with the SUSAT 4 optical sight as standard issue. The Canadian Forces standard C7 rifle has a 3.4 Elcan C79 optical sight. Both Austria and Australia field variants of the Austrian Steyr AUG which has built an integral 1.5x optical sight since its deployment in the late 1970s. The German Army G36 assault rifles have a more or less built in dual combat sighting system consisting of a ZF 3x4 telescopic sight combined with an unmagnified electronic red dot reflex sight. The dual combat sighting system weighs 30 gr (1 oz) due to a housing made out of glass fibre reinforced polyamide. All Ge rman G36 rifles are adapted to use the Hensoldt NSA 80 II third-generation night sight, which clamps into the G36 carry handle adapter in front of the optical sight housing and mates with the rifle's standard dual combat sighting system.

See also

Picatinny rail

References

^ Who invented the Rifle "Scope".

^ Important Dates in Gun History, Compiled and Researched by the American Firearms Institute

^ "Introduction to Optics 2nd ed.", pp.141-142, Pedrotti & Pedrotti, Prentice-Hall 1993

^ Schmidt & Bender 3-12x50 PM II

^ Zeiss: Telescopic sights for handheld weapons

^ U.S. Optics Inc.

^ BSA side wheel focus riflescopes

^ Schmidt & Bender PM II specs

^ BSA rimfire scopes

^ BSA shotgun/muzzleloader scope

^ Leapers 3-9x32 Mini Mil-Dot Illuminated AO Scope (SCP-M392AOMDL), parallax adjustable from 3 yards to

^ Mac 1 Airgun "drooper" mounts

^ Pyramid Air article on adjustable scope bases

^ Jon R. Sondra (October 1997). "Swarovski promotion includes free Remington and Browning rifles - Swarovski AG rifle-scope marketing campaign". Shooting Industry,. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3197/is_n10_v42/ai_20045306.

^ LRS 2-12x50

^ Barrett BORS Manual

^ 6-24x72 SAM telescopic sight

^ DigitalHunter Digital Rifle Scope series

^ Guide for Tactical and Rifle Scopes (Tips and Considerations)

^ EAW scope mounts

^ EAW mounts catalog

^ High-speed video of a Schmidt & Bender PMII telescopic sight, mounting and barrel flexing on a .50 BMG Accuracy International AS50.

^ Premier Reticles

^ Fighting Optics for the AR-15 by Zak Smith

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Telescopic sights

Demigodllc.com, Practial Long-Range Rifle Shooting - Part II: Optics by Zak Smith

Demigodllc.com, Introduction to High-End Long-Range Rifle Scopes by Zak Smith

TheTallEngineer.com, MILS and MOA - A Comprehensive Manual to Understanding: types of "Mils", types of Minute of Angle (moa), the Derivation of The Range Estimation Equations by Robert J. Simeone

AllWorldWars.com, Description of 2-inch Telescopic Sights Model 1906, designed by Warner & Swasey Co., Cleveland

ChuckHawks.com, Telescopic and Red Dot Sights By Chuck Hawks

Categories: Firearm sights | HuntingHidden categories: Articles to be expanded from December 2009 | All articles to be expanded
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Affiliate Network Marketing Business: Duplicating Your Business Model

Duplication involves copying or reproducing your existing business model /system into other markets or into horizontal product lines within the same market. Once you have established yourself successfully with your current business(and put the business on autopilot), you can hunt down new opportunities and repeat the same steps.

1) Research and target a new market or find horizontal product lines you can expand
into within your existing market.
2) Create an offer or solution targeted to the market.
3) Drive market traffic to your offer.
4) Build a backend for additional revenue. While many people ‘s systems end at step 4 this should be the case.

Duplication allows you to explode your overall profits by creating multiple streams of income . Having more than one income stream is crucial for a variety of reasons. The first important one is that, there may come a time that you have squeezed as much as you can from your first bu siness, while you still need to increase your income. Secondly, your niche market may over time become over-saturated with competition. Duplication allows you to double or increase your income over and over again in as many markets as you like.

In order to successfully duplicate your affiliate marketing business, a few questions are pertinent to ask oneself:

a) Do I want to go into a closely related market or a radically new one?

b) What market can I go into that might be even more profitable?

c) Do I want to sell the same type of product or do I want to sell something else?

d) What were some of the obstacles I encountered in my first business that I would like to eliminate this time around?

e) What have I learned so far that will help me create my next business even faster and do it even better?

f) How much of my existing profits can I reinvest into my new business?

These questions will help you make a Strategic decision about when, where, how and what to duplicate.

Duplication of your business is what will put your profits into overdrive. It is more like buying up real estate, where you acquire a property and rent it for a steady stream of income. In order to build on that income, you simply acquire more property and repeat the process. That process should cover the first four components of your affiliate marketing business process : Find a market---Create an offer--- Drive traffic to the offer--- Present backend offers. By creating multiple streams of income duplication will become one of the major factors in your ability to create wealth.

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Explode Your Income Through Affiliate Network Marketing

I have a different definition of affiliate marketing scams then most do. I look at the 95% of the affiliate marketing companies as being totally deceptive which is leading to a 96% failure rate online.

With that said both affiliate and network marketing are awesome ways to generate multiple streams of income if your business is set up correctly.

Many companies will promote their tools as the best way to build your business. They offer to you sales pages, capture pages, autoresponders and so much more, sounds great right.

The fact is that 95% of those companies are all building their list, their database and their business not yours, that to me defines affiliate marketing scams, not to mention very deceptive. Sure they give you the bread crumbs in the form of a commission check but wealth online is built through your list and your blog.

Remember, once your business is dressed for success you can add any affiliate or network marketing company to your arsenal, but you won't be under their control.

Yes you need a blog. If you don't have one there are many videos out there that show you how to build one within two hours. The main key to building true wealth online is to build your list by having thousands of people per day coming to your blog, it's not that difficult.

The way you have your marketing funnel set up will dictate your success or failure. There are a few affiliate companies out there that place all the tools into your hands including a marketing funnel where you can build your list.

Niche domination will not only generate thousands of people to your blog for free, but you can see tremendous results in less than 30 days. Google is the largest search engine in the world because of the type of algorithms they have.

Simply put they give the searcher the content they are looking for usually on the first try. If Google can find a blog that offers more content that is relevant to the search, they will rank that blog on page one regardless of the age or page rank of that blog.

With niche domination what you are doing is creating at least three or four blog post with different keywords within the same niche. You now create all three post and interlink them with something called an anchor tag.

Let's say you are creating a blog post with the keyword article marketing tips, and you have two other blog post you are going to create with the keywords article marketing strategies and article marketing income. Within each of your post you will place the other two keywords within a sentence that links to those blog post.

Google now comes in and follows your links and instead of getting credit for just the content on that post you will now triple your word count, relevancy and keywords.

Not only will you get ranked on page one with at least two of those keywords, but Google will give you hundreds of other keywords within that niche where they will rank you highly because of the relevancy.

The results are total niche domination, tons of traffic, leads and income if you have your marketing funnel set up correctly.

If your true desire is to earn replacement type income you need to have the following within your business.

A Daily blueprint of very specific strategies that you should implement

A professional marketing funnel

A free gift to offer your prospects

Professional autoresponders

Capture pages

A very specific syndication strategy for your blog post that will get your blog in front of hundreds and thousands of people and websites

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An Outline Of The Key Elements Of A Successful Affiliate Network Marketing System

Internet Marketing business is any business that offers products or services on the internet. The internet becomes a marketing medium. Whether you are an affiliate marketer, a product owner, or both, there are five core components that underlie every successful Internet marketing business, and one must master them above all else if you want to make any headway on the internet. These five components are as follows:-

1) Your Market

2) Your Offer

3) Targeted Traffic

4) Your Backend

5) System Duplication

Every business serves a target market. Your niche is the bedrock of your prospective customers. If you don't target a strong market from the beginning, you could do everything else right in your internet marketing business and still fail. Every market represents a niche, but not every niche represents a viable and profitable market. A niche Business consists of a business idea that is centered around a highly targeted market group.

Hav ing established your niche market, the next key component of you Internet Marketing business is your Offer. Majority of merchants regard their products to be the same with their offer.However it is very important to note that people do not buy products--they buy Solutions. Your focus should therefore shift away from the details and features of your products to the problems it can solve. In all niche markets , one must present his products or services as the only solution and market it as such.

The other element for a sound network marketing business is Market specific traffic. Driving traffic to your website is much like luring potential customers into a brick-and-mortar storefront. A visitor is considered targeted when he can be identified as a member of your target market. In order to generate and direct targeted traffic from your market to your website, then, you must be able to locate sources of market-specific traffic. Adequate analysis of the market presents the affiliate or merchant with where to focus on and where.

The fourth key component of a successful internet marketing business is your Back-end Offers. The backend refers to offers you make as follow-ups after an initial sale, while the front-end refers to the lead offer or lead product. While your lead offer gets your customer through the door,the bulk of your income is going to be generated by backend offers. This is based on the assumption that already existing customers will more readily buy again if presented with another similar offer. If you want to make a real income from you internet marketing business,you must followup with your existing customers. Once someone has purchased a product through you,they are likely to purchase another and another if you follow up with relevant offers.

The last key element of a successful Internet marketing business is your System Duplication. This entails copying your current business system into other niche markets or expan ding to other product lines within the same niche sector. After successful establishment and implementation of you business model,one can then look up for new opportunities and duplicate the process:- Find Market---Create An Offer--Drive Traffic To The Offer---Present Backend. Duplication allows you to explode your overall profits by creating multiple streams of income.

The foregoing gives a snapshot of the five components of a successful Internet marketing business,whether one wants to be an affiliate marketer, a product owner, or both.

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Everything You Need to Know - Affiliate network marketing

Truly one of the most successful and cost-effective marketing strategies nowadays is affiliate network marketing. It promises unlimited income and has. In fact, brought fortunes to a number of people already. It indeed wonderfully made its name into the business world and some companies are already taking a look at this business strategy in order to bring more cash into their vaults. This is a good time to get involved in this business as it continues to grow and bring more people in it.

What is different with this type of business? You may hear this as a clich but this business truly relies on people to be successful. It does not put its capital on colorful ads or gigantic posters and tarpaulins. It builds it capital on people and let the people do the selling.

The basic principle is that the distributor, or the one who does the marketing and selling, goes to the end consumer and sells the product directly. The end result is a higher poten tial sale due to human interaction. Besides, the first people that the distributors would go to would be their peers. Their peers, if gets interested with what they are selling, then gets involved with the entire cycle and spreads the word around with their other sets of peers. Word of mouth after all is the best marketing strategy and this is where affiliate network marketing thrives. It capitalizes on human potential and attacks the weakness of emotional affiliations.

Distributors actually start the entire cycle. Once they become established and successful, they start recruiting people who can help them out. Once they have these downlines with them, then the success of the mult-level marketing starts. These distributors order in bulk to feed down their downlines to sell. These distributors get the product in wholesale prices. The downlines get the products from these distributors for a discounted price and the end consumers buy them at regular prices. So, the whole chain gets their own share. The product goes down the chain and a percentage is earned each time it goes down. This is the basic principle and this is how the business runs and works.

Though, compensation may still vary from one company to another. Some would stick with unilevel plans where the agent earns from commissions based on a specified number of sales. There is also a matrix plan where the downlines would actually come into the picture and different levels of commission come into play. A more controlled matrix plan is called a binary plan wherein only two frontline distributors are allowed to come into play instead of an unlimited number. If the company cannot choose from the available compensation plans, then they just mix and match and this is oftentimes referred to as hybrid plans.

The products you can sell in this type of marketing vary from food and beverage to cosmetics and health products. Some even network herbal products. Whatever the product is, a company can only be successful if they employ the right compensation plan with the right set of people. This is a people business and a successful company in the field of networking is oiled by hardworking people who get their motivation from the money they are earning.

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Find Cool Online Office Supply Stores

You get to choose all of the amazing Business office supplies that you'll want to generate your lifetime much simpler. Coming from storage area techniques, period alarm clocks, recognition badges, shredders and more. Every choice must be thought out in more detail.

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Likely your company makes use of precisely the same dealer for your Business office supplies. Nonetheless, some of the well-known place of work provide suppliers might not be purchasing for your current organization's greatest economic awareness. A few firms just be satisfied with any office provide suppliers that they have used for many years definitely not knowing that they can could be spending much lower prices on a single precise Office materials through the use of different distributors. he / she ideal course of action for taking is to make a not much time to accomplish some research along with do a price comparison regarding different office present distributors as to what that you are paying out now for a similar materials. This easy assessment can tell you with non colored documents if you may very well be spending lower charge in simple office supplies online.

While looking for Business office supplies, you must ensure that you get the best service provider you can create a romantic relationship having. Someone who will be aware of the needs of your respective firm and also develop along with you. They really should be able to focus on your requirements and attempt to supply the things that you need to suit your needs. It 's time to make a start.

When pleasant customer service along with effectiveness is the thing that can be much of your problem then there is do not need worry. Just because a different Company supplies dealer may perhaps offer less costly costs does not necessarily mean that they will deficiency with customer satisfaction or maybe top quality. They may really go over the customer service expectations and excellence of assistance since they are in a position to present your business far more personal services then your big named place of work present organizations.

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Need of the hour: Online Office Business Machines

Technology has dawned on to the human kind and it has percolated to different departments of organizations because of which the productivity has increased substantially. In the current situation, organizations are highly dependent on the technology or popularly called Online Office Business Machines for communicating, information sharing, training, documenting etc and this has resulted in faster revenue cycles. Suffice to say that no organization would survive in the market without adapting the Office Business Machines.

Office Business Machines take different forms in our organizations like Fax Machine, Duplicators, Copier, Printers and Scanners etc. Many companies started offering their differentiated products to their customers and have revolutionized the industry in a span of 100 years. So competitive has become this industry that the innovations have exceeded the imaginations of regular office goers. Strange is the fact that these office bu siness machines are available at a reasonable cost and making them the right choice for your business needs.

Even in todays digital setups where we complete our daily tasks on e-mails these business machines are extremely useful as they offer solutions to send and receive by means of configuration and managing the paper files digitally. These office business machines have been built / manufactured with the design specifications captured from the business needs and highly effective in terms of their applications in the fields like information technology, Banking Services, Pharma and Healthcare etc. The Office Business Machines have made their way into our personal life with the spurt in the growth of entrepreneurs and home based businesses.

These online office business machines have created a cost-effective environment for the economy to flourish and humankind to progress further.

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SBO Online Office Depot Solution

If you are looking for an office depot solution for your small business, then sbo-online.com will probably be the right place to drive in. SBO Online Office Depot offers supplies that are regularly used in offices by businesses and other organizations, from private citizens to governments, who work with the collection, refinement and output of information colloquially referred to as paper work. SBO online even makes bespoke solutions for small business owners-so that your home office can be just as professional as you are. SBO-Online equips small business office set-up with furniture, small business software and home office supplies which is the first step toward running a productive business. Sbo online office supplies encompass every minute requirement of an office set-up starting from small, daily use items like paper clips, post-it notes, staples, hole punches, binders and laminators, writing utensils and paper to higher-cost equipment like computers, printers, fax mac hines, photocopiers and cash registers, as well as office furniture such as cubicles, filing cabinet, and armoire desks.

Sbo online provides everything you need to work comfortably and efficiently within a small business office premises. Nowadays several businesses in the office supply industry have recently expanded into related markets for businesses like copy centers, which facilitate the creation and printing of business collateral such as business cards and stationery, plus printing and binding of high quality, high volume business and engineering documents. Sbo-online also provides office depot solutions for such businesses. So it is evident that sbo-online provides a complete guide to small business office set up that includes Office furniture that fits your space, small business software for financial management that will track your income and expenses and make taxes easier by suggesting deductions, a dedicated phone line for your small office, home busin ess insurance and basic home office supplies. Hurry and spruce up your small business space with the complete package of SBO office depot.

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Place orders now for technology supplies, promotional products and copy/print items through SBO Online and save an additional 10-20% off on retail pricing. The customers don't have to provide any fee for supply orders over $50. Save your cash by ordering more supplies at once and at an additional 1% off on orders of $150-$199. You can also save an additional 1.5% and 2% off on orders of $200-$299 and $300 & above respectively. Sign up with sboo nline and capitalize your return on investments.

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Online Office Professional Career Education Options

Businesses and organizations need staff members that understand how to run an office efficiently. Completing one of several office professional degree programs teaches students the skills necessary to perform these tasks. Many online accredited colleges provide students with the knowledge to create strong working conditions inside an office setting.

The best office professional training options are found at the certificate and associate's degree level of education. These undergraduate options provide students with essential skills to perform office duties as well as operate the latest technologies utilized by businesses. Further study at the bachelor's degree level prepares students for managerial positions inside the industry. Master's degrees are not widely available but some schools offer office administration programs for students that want to step into upper-level management. Online education offers a number of different options to gain specialized training. Students can complete programs in office technology, executive assisting, office administration, and more.

A popular option is completing online education in administrative office technology. Certificate and associates degree programs prepare students to enter work as administrative assistants. Both office technology and administrative duties are learned as students study a wide range of topics. Coursework typically consists of online studies in computer systems, Microsoft Office programs and spreadsheets and databases. Coursework prepares students to create business documents and presentations. Supervising staff and coordinating travel arrangements are other aspects of the job learned through online schooling.

Students that complete online programs in executive assisting learn to work with professionals by conducting various tasks inside the workplace. Online education teaches students their role as an assistant by exploring the different duties requested of today's modern professional. Common online courses that may be integrated into a program include:

Accounting Records Management Business Writing and Grammar

Students explore how to efficiently schedule meetings and manage the calendar for all work related events. A records management course trains students how to properly be the office bookkeeper and coordinate payroll. Most degrees are obtainable at the associate's and bachelor's level.

Students that want to earn a bachelor's degree or higher can consider becoming office professionals by completing office administration programs. Education is focused on giving students the ability to provide business support to an office or an individual. Online courses cover a wide range of subjects that may include:

Business Math Machine Transcription Business Communications

Students learn a wide range of skills that prepare them to help keep an office running smoothly. Ordering office supplies, creating databases, developing accurate filing systems, and corresponding through e-mails are all specific work related tasks learned inside a bachelor's degree program. Further education is typically awarded through certifications. For example, the Certified Administrative Professional designation has students complete an examination that covers in depth topics in office technology and organizational management.

The highly competitive field is best entered with an educational background. Students that complete an accredited online office professional education have the most employment opportunities. Full accreditation is provided by agencies like the Distance Education and Training Council (DETC) to programs that provide a quality education. Complete a program and step into a position as a highly qualified and respected professional.

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Understanding Venture Capital by Investment Guru, Len Mcdowall

Everyday we read about companies who have raised millions of dollars of capital to fund the growth and expansion of their business. The reality of raising these sorts of funds is much more complex than the newspapers make it out.

There are many different sources of capital obtaining it depends on many factors. It also requires careful planning, the right advice and the right pitch. Whether you will get it or not also depends on what kind of business you have, what stage it is at, what industry its in, how profitable it is, how much experience you have and how the overall market is tracking.

What is Venture Capital?

The term Venture Capital means capital provided to fund a venture. Essentially venture capital and private equity mean the same thing. However there is a difference between Venture Capital and Private Equity firms. VC firms typically will look at more emerging business and industries and may get involved at an earlier stage. Private Equity firms typically like more traditional industries, and tend to like mature companies with consistent cashflows.

What is a Business Angel?

'Angel' investors are individuals who like to get involved at the seed or start up stage of a business venture. They look for very high-growth companies that also have synergy with their own business skills or network. Capital invested can be as little as $10,000 and as much as $500,000 initially. Follow on rounds may be an option also. The Angel will typically look to get their hands dirty by taking a small role, going on the board, or acting as a business mentor.
What is a liquidity event?

This is the event that gives the investor their money back. This is most commonly a trade sale or a public float. However, sometimes the investor may get bought out by another investor or by the original owner.

Types of Capital Available...

Below are some terms that are commonly used to describe the various stages of funding:-

Seed - This is at the very beginning of a companys life, often before any profit or sales are achieved. Sometimes its used to fund the formation of the venture and its necessary components in order to get it off the ground.

Start-up - This is when the business has commenced trading but it is still in its infancy. A start up business is typically only six months or a year old.

Expansion - The company has sales plus an established market in a particular segment or location (such as Sydney) and is now requiring funding so they can expand their operations further. Sometimes the company is growing very quickly and needs to scale up in order to meet market demand.

Acquisition - The company is seeking to expand by purchasing other business that are similar or synergistic in nature. The company may not have the necessary funds to do this, which is where acquisition funding comes in.

MBO/MBI - This stands for Management Buy Out or Management Buy In. It means exactly that. These are funds usually provided by a private equity firm or institutional bank which allow the existing management (MBO) or new management (MBI) to buy out the existing owners.

Pre-IPO - The round of funding that precedes an IPO, usually between two months and up to two years. Funds are sought in order to fund an acquisition, expand or pay for listing costs. These deals are only usually available to professional investors, institutional investors or high net worth individuals because the amounts involved tend to be in the millions or tens of millions.

IPO - This means Initial Public Offering and is when a company goes public on an exchange such as the ASX. This is done via a prospectus document and allows mum and dad type investors to invest alongside the founders, major shareholders, professional investors and institutional investors. This is the most common way to raise large sums of money, such as $50m or $100m.

Len McDowall, Integral Capital Group 28th August, 2007
www.integralcapital.com.au

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Computer-Based GED Tests Planned

Over 39 million American adults lack a high school diploma, and the GED exam plays a significant role in preparing these adults for higher education and better jobs. The GED 21st Century Initiative set goals for the GED Test, to align it with the Common Core State Standards and assure that GED test-takers are prepared for today's colleges, universities, and jobs. The American Council on Education (ACE) and Pearson VUE have formed a new partnership that will continue using the name GED Testing Service and that will design and deliver the GED Test, in line with these goals.

In the last year, Pearson VUE has partnered with the ACE in a study to compare GED scores in computer-based testing with scores in traditional pencil-and-paper tests. Now, the partners are moving forward with plans to convert the GED exam into a computer-based test.

A new version of the GED Test is planned for 2014. Meanwhile, computer versions of the current test will be offered in California, Florida, Georgia, and Texas at official testing centers starting in April, 2011. The GED exam is not offered online, and no online GED exams are planned. However, online GED test preparation is available.

A computer-based GED exam is only one part of the upcoming changes in the GED Test. The new GED exam planned for 2014 is intended to be more rigorous and reflect the Common Core State Standards in order to make sure everyone who earns a GED diploma is ready for higher education and better careers. The GED Testing Service also plans a national test preparation program to include individualized resources to prepare for the GED exam, as well as a transition network to help GED earners connect with job opportunities and colleges or universities.

Preparation for the GED Test needs to focus on the skills students need to succeed in higher education, including goal-oriented planning, self-motivation, and critical thinking. Learning basic skills needs to be part of a comprehensive preparation to expand on those skills so that they can provide the most real-world benefits in the workforce and in higher education.

GED and GED Testing Service are registered trademarks of the American Council on Education (ACE). Use of the GED trademark does not imply support or endorsement by ACE.

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Mexicali Obesity Solutions : Affordable Bariatric Surgery In Mexicali

Welcome to Mexicali Obesity Solutions!

Dr. Marco Sarinana, Endoscopic and Bariatric Surgeon in Mexicali Mexico, performs a variety of obesity weight loss surgery to aid long-term weight loss treatments. He is an accomplished gastric bypass surgeon with significant experience in gastric band surgery, gastric bypass surgery, mini gastric bypass surgery, and gastric sleeve surgery. Individuals with a BMI of 35 or more with obesity-related health problems may be considered candidates for weight-loss surgeries.

Dr. Marco Sarinana performs following procedures:

Gastric Band Surgery Gastric Bypass Surgery Mini Gastric Bypass Surgery Gastric Sleeve Surgery Lab Band Surgery Laparoscopic Surgery Bariatric Surgery Gastric Balloon Surgery Adjustable Gastric Banding System Tummy Tuck & Liposculpture

Dr. Marco Sariana performs gastric banding surgeries, gastric sleeve and other surgical weight-loss techniques and procedures in order to help patients achieve long-term weight loss results. Dr. Marco Sariana was a Faculty Member of Medicine in Mexicali from 1994 to 2000 and specialized in general surgery at the General Surgery Hospital General de Zacatecas SSA from 2003 to 2005. Dr. Sariana has attended multiple conferences and courses provided and sponsored by international bariatric surgeon organizations to stay abreast of new techniques and procedures in bariatric surgery.

With training and continuing education from such facilities as the Inter-American Heart Foundation, the Arizona Health Sciences Center in Mexicali, the National Congress of General Surgery in Veracruz, and refresher courses in general surgery, surgical procedures of the colon, and workshops in stapling surgeries, Dr. Marco Sariana offers patients from around the world the expertise and quality in bariatric surgery and sleeve gastrectomy procedures in Mexico that is expected and deserved.

Mexicali Obesity Solutions Clinic

The clinicis located in Mexicali Mexico and offers bariatric surgical procedures for both restrictive and malabsorptive bariatric surgery techniques. Mexicali Obesity Solutions is experienced in gastric lap band procedures, one of the newest and least invasive surgical techniques for bariatric surgical procedures, as well as gastric bypass, gastric banding, vertical gastrectomy procedures and post-op dietary planning for weight-loss surgery patients.

The facility offers packages that includefree transportation from the airport to the hotel and hospital and return, pre-op tests, nutritional evaluations, psychological evaluations, the surgical procedure and staff support. Fees also include hospital and surgeon's fees and anesthesiologist fees.

Obesity - Why is it a disease?
IObesity is considered as the epidemic problem of the 21st Century. Statistics say that an obese person has 12 times more probability to die than a healthy person.

Many present symptoms like heavy snoring, sleep apnea (no breathing during your sleep) or reflux disease. Others could have the Pickwick syndrome which occurs by low lung ventilation because of a heavy thorax, the person can fell asleep just by sitting which is very dangerous while driving.

Other known risks are heart attacks or strokes. It is difficult to establish a good relationship in society and between couples because of low self esteem. Also they suffer of more infertility and women have more menstrual problems and more breast and uterus cancer risk.

Obesity Weight LossSugery Advantages
Besides loosing weight, there is an improvement on diseases that keep a relation with obese people like reflux, apnea, snoring, high blood pressure, dyslipidemias, diabetes or osteoarticular problems.

In many cases, the use of medication for these diseases is totally suspended.

Mexicali Obesity Solutions offers financial support through MedChoice. MedChoice Offers:

Credit Limits from $500 to $25,000*o.a.c. Low Monthly Payments Online Account Info & Bill Pay. Primary & Secondary Finance Programs!

For More Detail Please contact us at:

Phone: +1.303.317.3607
Email: info@placidway.com

or visit us at:

http://www.placidway.com/profile/752/

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Type 2 Diabetes Curable by Bariatric Surgery?

Bariatric procedures used for treating severe obesity has been studied as a cure for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies have found that more than 75% of type 2 diabetes patients who undergo bariatric surgery no longer experience symptoms and no longer require insulin or other medications. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are interrelated. Nearly 24 million Americans are affected by diabetes. About 50 percent of men and 70 percent of women who have the disease are obese; therefore bariatric surgery can have a sustained and meaningful effect on fighting both diseases. In a study published by The American Journal of Medicine, 621 patients were studied from 1990 to April 2006. The results are as follows: Study Results Complete resolution of diabetes - 78.10% Improved conditions - 8.50% No changes - 13.40% For years, researchers had assumed that weight loss alone was responsible for this benefit. However, new findings are demonstrating that hormonal and metabolic changes caused by th e surgery, were responsible. The surgery helped patients lower fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and hemoglobin level. According to the Wall Street Journal, diabetes can "quickly recede" when bariatric surgery "alters the intestinal tract and diverts food away from hormones in the small intestine that help regulate blood sugar levels". Lowering hemoglobin (A1C) to below or around 7% has been shown to reduce microvascular and neuropathic complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, for microvascular disease prevention, the A1C goal for nonpregnant adults in general is 7%. On the other hand, researchers observed a progressive relationship between diabetes resolution and the weight loss operation performed: Surgery Type Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding - 56.70% Resolution results - 46.20 Weight Loss Gastroplasty - 79.90% Resolution results - 55.50% Weight Loss Gastric bypass - 80.30% Resolution results - 59.70% Weight Loss Biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal sw itch - 95.10% Resolution results - 63.60% Weight Loss This study suggests that people with Type 2 diabetes and morbid obesity who get surgery before becoming insulin-dependent have the greatest chance for complete resolution and avoiding the progression of diabetes. However, physical activity and behavior modification are important for maintaining weight loss and for completely resolving diabetes. On the other hand, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) recently reported bariatric surgery is safer than ever. The risk of death from bariatric surgery has declined from 0.89 percent in 1998, to 0.19 percent in 2004.6. "The severity of the diabetes at the time of surgery and the regain of excess weight loss long-term seem to be the primary determinants of long-term diabetes resolution after gastric bypass surgery," said James W. Maher, MD, professor of Surgery at Virginia Commonwealth University. Although there are a number of effective, noninvasive treatments for diabetes, the American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric surgery (ASMBS) support the idea that Bariatric surgery should be considered for treating type 2 diabetes in morbidly obese adults, specially if the diabetes is difficult to control with lifestyle and pharmacologic therapy. Finally, there is still insufficient evidence regarding the benefits of weight loss surgery in patients with BMI <35 kg/m2 as a way of treating diabetes. Therefore, it is advised that patients talk to a specialist about their particular situation.

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